Wind Power Technology Joshua Earnest Pdf Download: A Comprehensive Textbook on Grid Connected Renewa

The OWP industry emerged just over a decade ago, reaching the important milestone of 1 GW in offshore installations by 2010. By 2020 new installations reached 6.1 GW, and the cumulative total reached 35.3 GW. From the early years, when OWP represented only 1% of the wind power sector, by 2019 OWP accounted for 10% of global installations. From 2015 to 2019 global market share of OWP rose from 5 to 10%, and is anticipated by GWEC to reach 20% by 2025. The industry is attracting widespread comment and appreciation.Footnote 3

Wind Power Technology Joshua Earnest Pdf Download

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The floating platform (FP) OWP sector is highly significant for two principal reasons. First, it is virtually without limits, as wind farm developers can build floating platforms off national coastlines and continental shelves at depths greater than 60 m, using well-known technologies such as tension leg platform (TLP), which allows them to generate wind power on virtually an open frontier. All the objections to wind power that apply to wind farms erected on land or near coastlines (unsightly, consuming too much space, killing birds) fall away once wind farms move farther away from the coast and towards the open sea. And second, the resort to floating platforms calls for capabilities and technological know-how already possessed by oil and gas companies. The emergence of the FP OWP sector opens up possibilities for oil and gas majors to diversify and enter the wind power sector, diversifying their business models from being oil and gas companies to becoming energy companies more generally. In this way, we see the FP segment of the emerging OWP industry as both sustainable and scalable, providing increasingly significant business advantages over other energy sources, particularly fossil fuel sources.

The oil and gas companies are frequently joining forces with specialist service providers to build the OWP farms, and particularly the floating platform variety. The French oil and gas giant Total, for example, announced in March 2020 that it had acquired an 80% stake in the 96-MW Erebus floating offshore wind power project to be constructed off the coat of Wales in the UK.Footnote 12 Other oil majors have demonstrated similar commitments. The global oil major BP, for example, has entered into a JV with the Norwegian oil major Equinor to build FP OWP installations off the Brazilian coast.Footnote 13

Japan has made a cautious and slow shift from its previous strategy of building a national energy system around nuclear power and fossil fuels. It was the Fukushima nuclear disaster of 11 Mar 2011 that instigated the shift. With the announcement in late 2019 of a new goal of 10 GW of offshore wind power, to be achieved by 2030,Footnote 28 Japan has begun in earnest its clean energy transition. As a late starter it is focusing on the latest innovative wave in renewables, i.e., on the OWP sector with its near endless opportunities for strong engineering firms. The first stage of the new Japanese strategy will involve two wind farms with capacity of 140 MW, and investment of 100 billion Yen. The project sponsors are from a wide range of industries including green energies as well as fossil fuel product, together with construction, electric utility, finance, waterworks, and mechanical machine manufacture.Footnote 29

The interesting feature of the strategies being deployed in the OWP sector is the role played by oil and gas companies building on their existing capabilities and infrastructure (e.g., floating drilling platforms) in order to pursue diversification strategies and move to become renewable power companies. While these tendencies are not yet clearly evident in the NEAsian countries they are certainly evident in Europe, where companies like Equinor from Norway, Total from France, and BP are already moving to deploy their floating platform technology as foundation for their shift across to building OWP businesses. The Norwegian state-owned company Equinor (formerly Statoil) is a leader in this transition.

The argument of this paper is that OWP is shaping up to become an arena of great power competitive rivalry, as leading firms from NEAsia, the EU, and the USA engage in strategic competition to secure and maintain a share of this evolving political economy as it emerges over the course of the next decade. The competitive dynamics will turn on the firms and countries with the best technology, certainly, and the smartest entrepreneurs, but also on those with the smartest and most resolute industrial strategies, shaping markets for the future and honing tax and policy incentives in ways designed to grow the industry at maximal sustainable rate. We have sought to demonstrate that OWP is the setting where these state-based strategies of developmental environmentalism emerging in NEAsia are likely to prove to be most fruitful and productive.

The rise of the Kassite Dynasty (a tribe who came from the Zagros Mountains in the north and are thought to have originated in modern-day Iran) leads to a shift in power and an expansion of culture and learning after the Kassites conquered Babylon. The collapse of the Bronze Age followed the discovery of how to mine ore and make use of iron, a technology which the Kassites and, earlier, the Hittites made singular use of in warfare.

Urbanization, the wheel, writing, astronomy, mathematics, wind power, irrigation, agricultural developments, animal husbandry, and the narratives which would eventually be re-written as the Hebrew Scriptures and provide the basis for the Christian Old Testament all came from the land of Mesopotamia. 2ff7e9595c